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Eating local vs eating plant-based

'Buy local' is the most popular piece of food-sustainability advice and one of the least effective per unit of effort. Transport is a small slice of most foods' emissions; what the food is matters far more than how far it travelled. That does not make local pointless — it makes it a second-order lever.

Side by side

Eating local compared with Eating plant-based
CriterionEating localEating plant-based
Share of emissions addressedTransport is typically a small percentage of a food's total footprint.Production accounts for the large majority, so switching food type moves the bigger number.
Best caseStrong for seasonal produce, short supply chains and local economies.Strong across the board, including for imported plant staples.
Common failure modeLocal heated-greenhouse or air-freighted produce can exceed imported sea-freighted equivalents.Air-freighted fresh produce is the notable exception worth avoiding.
Other benefitsFreshness, seasonality, farmer relationships, rural economies.Land, water, biodiversity and animal-welfare gains alongside emissions.

Questions people ask

Do food miles matter at all?
They matter most for highly perishable air-freighted goods such as asparagus, berries and fresh tuna. For sea-freighted staples like grains, pulses and bananas, transport is a rounding error.
What is the single biggest way to cut food emissions?
Reducing beef, lamb and dairy, then cutting food waste. Both outrank sourcing decisions in every major assessment.

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